Category
Diagnostic
Typical Use
Examine the retina and optic disc.
Description
A handheld instrument with adjustable lenses and a light source used to visualize the fundus of the eye, including the retina, optic disc, macula, and retinal vessels, aiding in the diagnosis of glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, hypertensive changes, and optic neuropathies. Direct ophthalmoscopy requires pupil dilation for optimal view in many cases and is performed during routine eye exams and neurologic assessments. Interpretation of fundoscopic findings requires training to recognize subtle changes such as papilledema, retinal hemorrhages, or vascular narrowing that have systemic implications. When detailed retinal imaging is needed, ophthalmoscopy is complemented by fundus photography, optical coherence tomography, or referral to ophthalmology.